Research Progress and Methods of InSAR for Deformation Monitoring

doi:10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20170350

Abstract

Abstract: Deformation monitoring is one of the most mature applications of space-borne InSAR technique. Firstly, we introduce the basic principle of InSAR in the monitoring of deformation and the current SAR satellites. The deformation monitoring methods of InSAR are then classified into the groups of D-InSAR, PS-InSAR, SBAS-InSAR, DS-InSAR and MAI, which are analyzed in the aspects of technical features and application scopes. Subsequently, we analyze the research progress and deficiencies of InSAR in the investigation of urban, mining area, earthquake, volcano, infrastructure, glacier, permafrost and landslide. Finally, some advanced academic problems such as deformation monitoring in multi-demension and low coherence area, atmospheric and orbital errors mitigation, and accuracy assessment are concluded.

Key words: InSAR, deformation monitoring, space-borne, review

CLC Number:

P237

ZHU Jianjun, LI Zhiwei, HU Jun. Research Progress and Methods of InSAR for Deformation Monitoring[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2017, 46(10): 1717-1733.

References

[1] ZEBKER H A, GOLDSTEIN R M. Topographic Mapping from Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Observations[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 1986, 91(B5):4993-4999.
[2] GABRIEL A K, GOLDSTEIN R M, ZEBKER H A. Mapping Small Elevation Changes over Large Areas:Differential Radar Interferometry[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 1989, 94(B7):9183-9191.
[3] ZEBKER H A, VILLASENOR J. Decorrelation in Interferometric Radar Echoes[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 1992, 30(5):950-959.
[4] HANSSEN R F. Radar Interferometry:Data Interpretation and Error Analysis[M]. Netherlands:Springer, 2001.
[5] GALLOWAY D L, HUDNUT K W, INGEBRITSEN S E, et al. Detection of Aquifer System Compaction and Land Subsidence Using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, Antelope Valley, Mojave Desert, California[J]. Water Resources Research, 1998, 34(10):2573-2585.
[6] LIU Shizhuo, HANSSEN R F, MIKA Á. Feasibility of Retrieving Spatial Variations of Atmospheric Phase Screen at Epochs of SAR Acquisitions from SAR Interferometry[C]//Sixth International Workshop on ERS/Envisat SAR Interferometry. Frascati, Italy:[s.n.], 2009:5.
[7] COSTANTINI M, ROSEN P A. A Generalized Phase Unwrapping Approach for Sparse Data[C]//Proceedings of IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Hamburg:IEEE, 1999, 1:267-269.
[8] GOLDSTEIN R M, WERNER C L. Radar Interferogram Filtering for Geophysical Applications[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1998, 25(21):4035-4038.
[9] LI Zhiwei, DING Xiaoli, ZHENG Dawei, et al. Least Squares-Based Filter for Remote Sensingimage Noise Reduction[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2008, 46(7):2044-2049.
[10] XU Bing, LI Zhiwei, WANG Qijie, et al. A Refined Strategy for Removing Composite Errors of SAR Interferogram[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2014, 11(1):143-147.
[11] JIANG Mi, DING Xiaoli, LI Zhiwei, et al. InSAR Coherence Estimation for Small Data Sets and Its Impact on Temporal Decorrelation Extraction[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2014, 52(10):6584-6596.
[12] FENG Guangcai, JÓNSSON S, KLINGER Y. Which Fault Segments Ruptured in the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake and Which Did Not? New Evidence from Near-fault 3D Surface Displacements Derived from SAR Image Offsets[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2017, 107(3). DOI:10.1785/0120160126.
[13] FERRETTI A, PRATI C, ROCCA F. Nonlinear Subsidence Rate Estimation Using Permanent Scatterers in Differential SAR Interferometry[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2000, 38(5):2202-2212.
[14] FERRETTI A, PRATI C, ROCCA F. Permanent Scatterers in SAR Interferometry[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2001, 39(1):8-20.
[15] KAMPES B M. Radar Interferometry:Persistent Scatterer Technique[M]. Netherlands:Springer, 2006.
[16] 陈强. 基于永久散射体雷达差分干涉探测区域地表形变的研究[D]. 成都:西南交通大学, 2006. CHEN Qiang. Detection Regional Ground Deformation by Differential SAR Interferometry Based on Permanent Scatters[D]. Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University, 2006.
[17] 熊文秀, 冯光财, 李志伟, 等. 顾及时空特性的SBAS高质量点选取算法[J]. 测绘学报, 2015, 44(11):1246-1254. DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2015.20140547. XIONG Wenxiu, FENG Guangcai, LI Zhiwei, et al. High Quality Targets Selection in SBAS-InSAR Technique by Considering Temporal and Spatial Characteristic[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2015, 44(11):1246-1254. DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2015.20140547.
[18] KAMPES B M, HANSSEN R F. Ambiguity Resolution for Permanent Scatterer Interferometry[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2004, 42(11):2446-2453.
[19] HOOPER A, ZEBKER H A. Phase Unwrapping in Three Dimensions with Application to INSAR Time Series[J]. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 2007, 24(9):2737-2747.
[20] 李德仁, 廖明生, 王艳. 永久散射体雷达干涉测量技术[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2004, 29(8):664-668. LI Deren, LIAO Mingsheng, WANG Yan. Progress of Permanent Scatterer Interferometry[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2004, 29(8):664-668.
[21] BERARDINO P, FORNARO G, LANARI R, et al. A New Algorithm for Surface Deformation Monitoring Based on Small Baseline Differential SAR Interferograms[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2002, 40(11):2375-2383.
[22] HOOPER A J. Persistent Scatter Radar Interferometry for Crustal Deformation Studies and Modeling of Volcanic Deformation[D]. California:Stanford University, 2006.
[23] MORA O, MALLORQUI J J, BROQUETAS A. Linear and Nonlinear Terrain Deformation Maps from a Reduced set of Interferometric SAR Images[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2003, 41(10):2243-2253.
[24] LI Zhiwei, ZHAO Rong, HU Jun, et al. InSAR Analysis of Surface Deformation over Permafrost to Estimate Active Layer Thickness Based on One-dimensional Heat Transfer Model of Soils[J]. Scientific Reports, 2015, 5:15542.
[25] 李珊珊, 李志伟, 胡俊, 等. SBAS-InSAR技术监测青藏高原季节性冻土形变[J]. 地球物理学报, 2013, 56(5):1476-1486. LI Shanshan, LI Zhiwei, HU Jun, et al. Investigation of the Seasonal Oscillation of the Permafrost over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with SBAS-InSAR Algorithm[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2013, 56(5):1476-1486.
[26] LAUKNES T R, ZEBKER H A, LARSEN Y. InSAR Deformation Time Series Using An L₁-Norm Small-Baseline Approach[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2011, 49(1):536-546.
[27] HOOPER A. A Multi-Temporal InSAR Method Incorporating Both Persistent Scatterer and Small Baseline Approaches[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2008, 35(16):L16302.
[28] ZHANG Lei, LU Zhong, DING Xiaoli, et al. Mapping Ground Surface Deformation Using Temporarily Coherent Point SAR Interferometry:Application to Los Angeles Basin[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2012, 117:429-439.
[29] FERRETTI A, FUMAGALLI A, NOVALI F, et al. A New Algorithm for Processing Interferometric Data-Stacks:SqueeSAR[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2011, 49(9):3460-3470.
[30] LEE J S, POTTIER E. Polarimetric Radar Imaging:From Basics to Applications[M]. Boca Raton:CRC Press, 2009.
[31] HOOPER A, BEKAERT D, SPAANS K, et al. Recent Advances in SAR Interferometry Time Series Analysis for Measuring Crustal Deformation[J]. Tectonophysics, 2012, 514-517:1-13.
[32] PARIZZI A, BRCIC R. Adaptive InSAR Stack Multilooking Exploiting Amplitude Statistics:A Comparison Between Different Techniques and Practical Results[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2011, 8(3):441-445.
[33] GOEL K, ADAM N. An Advanced Algorithm for Deformation Estimation in Non-Urban Areas[J]. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 2012, 73:100-110.
[34] 蒋弥, 丁晓利, 何秀凤, 等. 基于快速分布式目标探测的时序雷达干涉测量方法:以Lost Hills油藏区为例[J]. 地球物理学报, 2016, 59(10):3592-3603. JIANG Mi, DING Xiaoli, HE Xiufeng, et al. FaSHPS-InSAR Technique for Distributed Scatterers:A Case Study over the Lost Hills Oil Field, California[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2016, 59(10):3592-3603.
[35] FORNARO G, VERDE S, REALE D, et al. CAESAR:An Approach Based on Covariance Matrix Decomposition to Improve Multibaseline-multitemporal Interferometric SAR Processing[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2015, 53(4):2050-2065.
[36] WANG Yuanyuan, ZHU Xiaoxiang. Robust Estimators for Multipass SAR Interferometry[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2016, 54(2):968-980.
[37] BECHOR N B D, ZEBKER H A. Measuring Two-dimensional Movements Using a Single InSAR Pair[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2006, 33(16):L16311.
[38] HU J, LI Z W, DING X L, et al. 3D Coseismic Displacement of 2010 Darfield, New Zealand Earthquake Estimated from Multi-aperture InSAR and D-InSAR Measurements[J]. Journal of Geodesy, 2012, 86(11):1029-1041.
[39] JO M J, JUNG H S, WON J S. Measurement of Precise Three-Dimensional Volcanic Deformations via TerraSAR-X Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2017, 192:228-237.
[40] HU J, LI Z W, DING X L, et al. Resolving Three-dimensional Surface Displacements from InSAR Measurements:A Review[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2014, 133:1-17.
[41] JUNG H S, WON J S, KIM S W. An Improvement of the Performance of Multiple-aperture SAR Interferometry (MAI)[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2009, 47(8):2859-2869.
[42] CHAUSSARD E, AMELUNG F, ABIDIN H, et al. Sinking Cities in Indonesia:ALOS PALSAR Detects Rapid Subsidence Due to Groundwater and Gas Extraction[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2013, 128:150-161.
[43] ZHANG Yonghong, WU Hongan, KANG Yonghui, et al. Ground Subsidence in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region from 1992 to 2014 Revealed by Multiple SAR Stacks[J]. Remote Sensing, 2016, 8(8):675.
[44] XU Bing, FENG Guangcai, LI Zhiwei, et al. Coastal Subsidence Monitoring Associated with Land Reclamation Using the Point Target Based SBAS-InSAR Method:A Case Study of Shenzhen, China[J]. Remote Sensing, 2016, 8(8):652.
[45] CARNEC C, MASSONNET D, KING C. Two Examples of the Use of SAR Interferometry on Displacement Fields of Small Spatial Extent[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1996, 23(24):3579-3582.
[46] 尹宏杰, 朱建军, 李志伟, 等. 基于SBAS的矿区形变监测研究[J]. 测绘学报, 2011, 40(1):52-58. YIN Hongjie, ZHU Jianjun, LI Zhiwei, et al. Ground Subsidence Monitoring in Mining Area Using DInSAR SBAS Algorithm[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2011, 40(1):52-58.
[47] NG A H M, GE Linlin, ZHANG Kui, et al. Deformation Mapping in Three Dimensions for Underground Mining Using InSAR-Southern Highland Coalfield in New South Wales, Australia[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2011, 32(22):7227-7256.
[48] I Zhiwei, YANG Zefa, ZHU Jianjun, et al. Retrieving Three-dimensional Displacement Fields of Mining Areas from a Single InSAR Pair[J]. Journal of Geodesy, 2015, 89(1):17-32.
[49] 杨泽发, 朱建军, 李志伟, 等. 基于单个雷达成像几何学SAR影像的矿区三维时序形变监测方法:中国, 201610546270.1[P]. 2016-12-14. YANG Zefa, ZHU Jianjun, LI Zhiwei, et al. Based on the Timing of Individual Mines Dimensional Radar Imaging Geometry SAR Image Deformation Monitoring Methods:China, 201610546270.1[P]. 2016-12-14.
[50] FAN H D, CHENG D, DENG K Z, et al. Subsidence Monitoring Using D-InSAR and Probability Integral Prediction Modelling in Deep Mining Areas[J]. Survey Review, 2015, 47(345):438-445.
[51] YANG Zefa, LI Zhiwei, ZHU Jianjun, et al. InSAR-Based Model Parameter Estimation of Probability Integral Method and Its Application for Predicting Mining-Induced Horizontal and Vertical Displacements[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2016, 54(8):4818-4832.
[52] YANG Zefa, LI Zhiwei, ZHU Jianjun, et al. An Extension of the InSAR-Based Probability Integral Method and Its Application for Predicting 3-D Mining-Induced Displacements under Different Extraction Conditions[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2017, 55(7):3835-3845. DOI:10.1109/TGRS.2017.2682192.
[53] MASSONNET D, FEIGL K, ROSSI M, et al. Radar Interferometric Mapping of Deformation in the Year after the Landers Earthquake[J]. Nature, 1994, 369(6477):227-230.
[54] TONG Xiaopeng, SMITH-KONTER B, SANDWELL D T. Is There A Discrepancy Between Geological and Geodetic Slip Rates along the San Andreas Fault System?[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 2014, 119(3):2518-2538.
[55] ELLIOTT J R, WALTERS R J, WRIGHT T J. The Role of Space-Based Observation in Understanding and Responding to Active Tectonics and Earthquakes[J]. Nature Communications, 2016, 7:13844.
[56] 徐小波. 多手段InSAR技术研究及其在同震、震间形变监测中的应用[J]. 国际地震动态, 2016(6):34-36. XU Xiaobo. Multi-means InSAR Research and Its Application in Coseismic and Interseismic Deformation Monitoring[J]. Recent Developments in World Seismology, 2016(6):34-36.
[57] MASSONNET D, BRIOLE P, ARNAUD A. Deflation of Mount Etna Monitored by Spaceborne Radar Interferometry[J]. Nature, 1995, 375(6532):567-570.
[58] BRIOLE P, MASSONNET D, DELACOURT C. Post-Eruptive Deformation Associated with the 1986-87 and 1989 Lava Flows of Etna Detected by Radar Interferometry[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1997, 24(1):37-40.
[59] LANARI R, LUNDGREN P, SANSOSTI E. Dynamic Deformation of Etna Volcano Observed by Satellite Radar Interferometry[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1998, 25(10):1541-1544.
[60] JÓNSSON S, ZEBKER H, CERVELLI P, et al. A Shallow-Dipping Dike Fed the 1995 Flank Eruption at Fernandina Volcano, Galápagos, Observed by Satellite Radar Interferometry[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1999, 26(8):1077-1080.
[61] BAGNARDI M, AMELUNG F, POLAND M P. A New Model for the Growth of Basaltic Shields Based on Deformation of Fernandina Volcano, Galápagos Islands[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2013, 377-378:358-366.
[62] XU Wenbin, RUCH J, JÓNSSON S. Birth of Two Volcanic Islands in the Southern Red Sea[J]. Nature Communications, 2015, 6:7104.
[63] WRIGHT T J, EBINGER C, BIGGS J, et al. Magma-Maintained Rift Segmentation at Continental Rupture in the 2005 Afar Dyking Episode[J]. Nature, 2006, 442(7100):291-294.
[64] RUCH J, WANG Teng, XU Wenbin, et al. Oblique Rift Opening Revealed by Reoccurring Magma Injection in Central Iceland[J]. Nature Communications, 2016, 7:12352.
[65] PRITCHARD M E, SIMONS M. An InSAR-Based Survey of Volcanic Deformation in the Central Andes[J]. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2004, 5(2):Q02002.
[66] FOURNIER T J, PRITCHARD M E, RIDDICK S N. Duration, Magnitude, and Frequency of Subaerial Volcano Deformation Events:New Results from Latin America Using InSAR and A Global Synthesis[J]. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2010, 11(1):Q01003.
[67] CHAUSSARD E, AMELUNG F. Precursory Inflation of Shallow Magma Reservoirs at West Sunda Volcanoes Detected by InSAR[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2012, 39(21):L21311.
[68] EPPLER J, RABUS B. Monitoring Urban Infrastructure with An Adaptive Multilooking InSAR Technique[C]//Proceedings of Fringe 2011. Frascati, Italy:ADS, 2012:68.
[69] BAKON M, PERISSIN D, LAZECKY M, et al. Infrastructure Non-Linear Deformation Monitoring via Satellite Radar Interferometry[J]. Procedia Technology, 2014, 16:294-300.
[70] 周建民, 李震, 邢强. 基于雷达干涉失相干特性提取冰川边界方法研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2010, 32(1):133-138. ZHOU Jianmin, LI Zhen, XING Qiang. Deriving Glacier Border Information Based on Analysis of Decorrelation in SAR Interferometry[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2010, 32(1):133-138.
[71] BELL R E, STUDINGER M, SHUMAN C A, et al. Large Subglacial Lakes in East Antarctica at the Onset of Fast-Flowing Ice Streams[J]. Nature, 2007, 445(7130):904-907.
[72] STROZZI T, KOURAEV A, WIESMANN A, et al. Estimation of Arctic Glacier Motion with Satellite L-band SAR Data[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2008, 112(3):636-645.
[73] LUCKMAN A, QUINCEY D, BEVAN S. The Potential of Satellite Radar Interferometry and Feature Tracking for Monitoring Flow Rates of Himalayan Glaciers[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2007, 111(2-3):172-181.
[74] MOHR J J, REEH N, MADSEN S N. Three-Dimensional Glacial Flow and Surface Elevation Measured With Radar Interferometry[J]. Nature, 1998, 391(6664):273-276.
[75] GRAY L. Using Multiple RADARSAT InSAR Pairs to Estimate a Full Three-Dimensional Solution for Glacial Ice Movement[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2011, 38(5):L05502.
[76] AIZEN V B, KUZMICHENOK V A, SURAZAKOV A B, et al. Glacier Changes in the Tien Shan as Determined from Topographic and Remotely Sensed Data[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 2007, 56(3-4):328-340.
[77] ROTT H, FLORICIOIU D, WUITE J, et al. Mass Changes of Outlet Glaciers along the Nordensjköld Coast, Northern Antarctic Peninsula, Based on TANDEM-X Satellite Measurements[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2014, 41(22):8123-8129.
[78] BEVAN S L, LUCKMAN A, KHAN S A, et al. Seasonal Dynamic Thinning at Helheim Glacier[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2015, 415:47-53.
[79] NECKEL N, BRAUN A, KROPá?EK J, et al. Recent Mass Balance of the Purogangri Ice Cap, Central Tibetan Plateau, by Means of Differential X-band SAR Interferometry[J]. The Cryosphere, 2013, 7(5):1623-1633.
[80] WANG Zhijun, LI Shusun. Detection of Winter Frost Heaving of the Active Layer of Arctic Permafrost Using SAR Differential Interferograms[C]//Proceedings of IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Hamburg:IEEE, 1999, 4:1946-1948.
[81] LIU Lin, ZHANG Tingjun, WAHR J. InSAR Measurements of Surface Deformation over Permafrost on the North Slope of Alaska[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Earth Surface, 2010, 115(F3):F03023.
[82] LIU Lin, SCHAEFER K, ZHANG Tingjun, et al. Estimating 1992-2000 Average Active Layer Thickness on the Alaskan North Slope from Remotely Sensed Surface Subsidence[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Earth Surface, 2012, 117(F1):F01005.
[83] CHEN Fulong, LIN Hui, LI Zhen, et al. Interaction between Permafrost and Infrastructure along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway detected via Jointly Analysis of C-and L-band Small Baseline SAR Interferometry[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2012, 123:532-540.
[84] CHEN Fulong, LIN Hui, ZHOU Wei, et al. Surface Deformation Detected by ALOS PALSAR Small Baseline SAR Interferometry over Permafrost Environment of Beiluhe Section, Tibet Plateau, China[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2013, 138:10-18.
[85] ZHAO Rong, LI Zhiwei, FENG Guangcai, et al. Monitoring Surface Deformation Over Permafrost with an Improved SBAS-InSAR Algorithm:With Emphasis on Climatic Factors Modeling[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2016, 184:276-287.
[86] JIA Yuanyuan, KIM J W, SHUM C K, et al. Characterization of Active Layer Thickening Rate over the Northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Permafrost Region Using ALOS Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Data, 2007-2009[J]. Remote Sensing, 2017, 9(1):84.
[87] BERARDINO P, COSTANTINI M, FRANCESCHETTI G, et al. Use of Differential SAR Interferometry in Monitoring and Modelling Large Slope Instability at Maratea (Basilicata, Italy)[J]. Engineering Geology, 2003, 68(1-2):31-51.
[88] HILLEY G E, BüRGMANN R, FERRETTI A, et al. Dynamics of Slow-moving Landslides from Permanent Scatterer Analysis[J]. Science, 2004, 304(5679):1952-1955.
[89] MANZO M, RICCIARDI G P, CASU F, et al. Surface Deformation Analysis in the Ischia Island (Italy) Based on Spaceborne Radar Interferometry[J]. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2006, 151(4):399-416.
[90] MICHEL R, AVOUAC J P, TABOURY J. Measuring Ground Displacements from SAR Amplitude Images:Application to the Landers Earthquake[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1999, 26(7):875-878.
[91] GUDMUNDSSON S, SIGMUNDSSON F, CARSTENSEN J M. Three-dimensional Surface Motion Maps Estimated from Combined Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar and GPS Data[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 2002, 107(B10):ETG 13-1-ETG 13-14.
[92] ZHENG Wanji, HU Jun, ZHANG Wei, et al. Potential of Geosynchronous SAR Interferometric Measurements in Estimating Three-Dimensional Surface Displacements[J]. Science China Information Sciences, 2017, 60(6):060304.
[93] PEPE A, SANSOSTI E, BERARDINO P, et al. On the Generation of ERS/ENVISAT DInSAR Time-Series via the SBAS Technique[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2005, 2(3):265-269.
[94] MEYER F J, CHOTOO K, CHOTOO S D, et al. The Influence of Equatorial Scintillation on L-band SAR Image Quality and Phase[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2016, 54(2):869-880.
[95] REUVENI Y, BOCK Y, TONG Xiaopeng, et al. Calibrating Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) Images with Regional GPS Network Atmosphere Models[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 2015, 202(3):2106-2119.
[96] CHEN A C, ZEBKER H A. Reducing Ionospheric Effects in InSAR Data Using Accurate Coregistration[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2014, 52(1):60-70.
[97] LIU Zhen, JUNG H S, LU Zhong. Joint Correction of Ionosphere Noise and Orbital Error in L-band SAR Interferometry of Interseismic Deformation in Southern California[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2014, 52(6):3421-3427.
[98] LI Zhenhong, MULLER J P, CROSS P, et al. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) Atmospheric Correction:GPS, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and InSAR Integration[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 2005, 110(B3):B03410.
[99] BEKAERT D P S, HOOPER A, WRIGHT T J. A Spatially Variable Power Law Tropospheric Correction Technique for InSAR Data[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 2015, 120(2):1345-1356.
[100] 屈春燕, 单新建, 张国宏, 等. 干涉基线对地震形变场的影响——以玛尼地震同震-震后形变场为例[J]. 地震地质, 2012, 34(4):672-683. QU Chunyan, SHAN Xinjian, ZHANG Guohong, et al. Influence of Interferometric Baseline on Measurements of Seismic Deformation:A Case Study on the 1997 MANI, Tibet M7.7 Earthquake[J]. Seismology and Geology, 2012, 34(4):672-683.
[101] SMALL D, WERNER C, NUESCH D. Baseline Modelling for ERS-1 SAR Interferometry[C]//Proceedings of 1993 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1993. Better Understanding of Earth Environment. Tokyo:IEEE, 1993, 3:1204-1206.
[102] BÄHR H, HANSSEN R F. Reliable Estimation of Orbit Errors in Spaceborne SAR Interferometry[J]. Journal of Geodesy, 2012, 76(12):1147-1164.
[103] LIU Guang, HANSSEN R F, GUO Huadong, et al. Nonlinear Model for InSAR Baseline Error[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2016, 54(9):5341-5351.
[104] 张亚利, 游扬声, 兰敬松. 基线误差、相位误差和大气延迟误差对InSAR数据处理的影响分析[J]. 遥感技术与应用, 2010, 25(3):399-403. ZHANG Yali, YOU Yangsheng, LAN Jingsong. Error Analysis of Baseline, Phase and Atmosphere Delay in InSAR Data Processing[J]. Remote Sensing Technology and Application, 2010, 25(3):399-403.
[105] FERRETTI A, SAVIO G, BARZAGHI R, et al. Submillimeter Accuracy of InSAR Time Series:Experimental Validation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2007, 45(5):1142-1153.
[106] REFICE A, BELMONTE A, BOVENGA F, et al. On the Use of Anisotropic Covariance Models in Estimating Atmospheric Dinsar Contributions[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2011, 8(2):341-345.
[107] HU Jun, LI Zhiwei, SUN Qian, et al. Three-Dimensional Surface Displacements from InSAR and GPS Measurements with Variance Component Estimation[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2012, 9(4):754-758.