Table of Content

20 October 2014, Volume 43 Issue 10

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Accuracy Analysis of Low Altitude Photogrammetry with Wide-angle Camera

LIN Zongjian XIE Feifei SU Guozhong

2014, 43(10):  991-997.  doi:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0146

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Abstract: Firstly, the relationship between the accuracy of low altitude aerial photogrammetry and the field angle of camera is made by a quantitative analysis from the theory. The conclusion that the low altitude photogrammetry should use wide-angle camera as much as possible is done. Then, the limitation of the single lens camera to expand field angle and the combined wide-angle camera existing on the market not suitable for light load of low altitude UAV(unmanned aerial vehicle) due to excessive weight are pointed out. The characteristics of combined wide-angle low altitude light camera with self-calibration and self-stabilization developed by the author are described, especially the principle of self-calibration for the combination of static error and dynamic error. Based on the practice of large scale mapping, a technical procedure in aerial photography by taking with wide-angle camera and large overlap simultaneously for improving the accuracy of low altitude photogrammetry is proposed. The typical engineering produced data is used to verity the above theoretical analysis.

Transformation from Cartesian to Geodetic Coordinates Using Lagrange Inversion Theorem

GUO Jiachun ZHAO Xiuxia

2014, 43(10):  998-1004.  doi:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0152

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According?to?Lagrange?Inversion?Theorem,?a?Taylor-series?expansion?method?for?transforming?Cartesian?to?Geodetic?Coordinates?is?obtained,?which?express?the?sine?function?of?reduce?latitude?sin?μ?as?a?convergent?polynomial?

of?geodetic?coordinates?（X,?Y,?Z）.?Comparative?computation?of?the?new?method?and?Bowring’s?formula?shows?that?the?new?method?is?sufficiently?precise?in?the?sense?that?

the?maximum?error?of?the?latitude?is?less?than?9.71×10^-6″,?9.67×10^-8″for?the?range?of?－2×10⁶≤H≤＋10¹⁰,?truncating?at?b₄?and?b₅?respectively,?while?Bowring’s?formula?only?works?well?for?the?range?of?－10⁵≤H≤＋10⁵.?Meanwhile,?new?algorithm?is?around?50%~90%?faster?than?the?iterative?algorithm?with?the?approximate?accuracy. 

The Functional Gradient Description Method of Space Coordinate Transformation

DUAN Pengshuo LIU Gengyou GONG Youliang HAO Xiaoguang WANG Nazi

2014, 43(10):  1005-1012.  doi:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0145

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This?study?proposes?the?conception?of?coordinate?transformation?gradient?field,?which?can?realize?the?space?coordinate?transformation?from?small?angle?to?arbitrary?angle?and?from?static?to?dynamical.?

Based?on?the?equivalent?of?the?unit?quaternion?rotation?matrix?and?the?Rodrigo?matrix,?this?paper?reveals?the?mathematical?relationship?between?the?spatial?coordinate?transformation?and?the?functional?

gradient?and?derives?an?arbitrary?coordinate?transformation?formula?expressed?by?functional?gradient?in?space.?The?results?indicate?that?the?essence?of?spatial?coordinate?transformation?is?potential?field

?in?mathematic?and?we?can?unify?all?the?space?coordinate?transformations?by?using?the?conception?of?field,?which?is?the?theoretical?foundation?for?the?further?study?of?time?continuous?space?coordinate

?transformation?and?this?study?also?gives?a?new?solution?for?the?attitude?determination?of?motion?carriers.

Weighted Total Least Squares Algorithm with Inequality Constraints

ZENG Wenxian FANG Xing LIU Jingnan

2014, 43(10):  1013-1018.  doi:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0173

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Since the inequality-constrained total least squares (ICTLS) is strongly limited due to the combinational difficulty, we investigate to adjust the partial errors-in-variables 

(EIV) model which is equipped with inequality constraints. In this paper, we reconfigure the original ICTLS problem to a standard optimization problem, which can be 

solved by existing methods such as penalty based methods. The novel ICWTLS (inequality-constrained Weighted TLS) algorithm can deal with the ICTLS problem with a 

structure coefficient matrix and a general weight matrix, and successfully avoid the combinatorial difficulty. The examples illustrate that the new algorithm proposed in this 　

paper is efficient and simple, which can be used in a general case in practice.

Band-limited Direct Topographical Effects of Horizontal Components in Airborne Vector Gravimetry

ZHOU Boyang LUO Zhicai NING Jinsheng ZHONG Bo

2014, 43(10):  1019-1024.  doi:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0144

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Based on the series-expanded expression of Helmert’s 2nd condensation method, formulae of band-limited direct topographical effect of horizontal components in airborne vector gravimetry are deduced independently. Using a digital elevation model, direct topographical effects of the horizontal components are computed based on the analytical kernel along selected flight lines in western area of China with flight height of 4000m, these values are processed by low-pass filter and compared to values computed by the band-limited formulae. It turns out that both topographical effects have a good consistence, and the band-limted formulae can be used for topography reduction for horizontal components of airborne vector gravimetry.

The 2PN Observation Equation for Pulsar Navigation in Framework of General Relativity

REN Hongfei WEI Ziqing

2014, 43(10):  1025-1031.  doi:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0142

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Advance of theory and applications in the pulsar navigation are first briefly reviewed, then considering the angular momentum and quadruple moment of celestial bodies in 

solar system, the 2PN observation equation for pulsar navigation is derived, and the numerical simulations for 2PN relativistic effects are analyzed. Results show that the 

relativistic effects of angular momentum and quadruple moment of celestial bodies in solar system are about 10^-13 s, the light ray bending due to the sun is less than 1 ns, the 

light ray bending due to the Jupiter is 10^-18 s, which is the largest among the solar system planets.

Carrier to Noise Ratio Weighted Algorithm in GPS Single Epoch Single Frequency Attitude Determination

JIN Tian YUAN Qing ZHENG Guanghui ZHANG Liyang

2014, 43(10):  1032-1038.  doi:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0159

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In?GPS?attitude?determination?system,?carrier?phase?and?code?measurements?from?two?antennas?are?used?to?get?precise?attitudes?such?as?pitch?and?yaw.?In?single?epoch?single?frequency?

attitude?determination?algorithm,?because?of?the?coarse?precision?of?carrier?phase,?the?observables?have?lower?accuracy?so?that?the?success?rate?of?single?epoch?attitude?determination?algorithm?

is?always?low.?In?order?to?improve?the?success?rate,?the?weighted?values?can?be?proposed.?The?traditional?elevation?weighted?algorithm?can’t?reflect?the?situation?of?occlusion?effectively.?To?

deal?with?this?problem,?this?paper?analyzes?the?accuracy?of?carrier?phase?by?the?carrier?to?noise?ratio?received?from?dual?antenna?receiver,?and?proposes?a?new?algorithm?based?on?weighted

?matrix?W.?In?the?new?algorithm,?the?leastsquares?(ILS)?are?used?to?estimate?ambiguity?and?baseline?vector.?The?proposed?algorithm?can?improve?the?success?rate?under?situation?when

?satellite?signal?is?weak?and?precision?of?carrier?phase?is?low.?By?Comparative?experiments,?it?is?verified?the?rationality?and?effectiveness?of?the?proposed?algorithm.?Simulation?results?

show?that?the?proposed?CN0?weighted?algorithm?can?increase?the?success?rate?of?single?epoch?attitude?determination?by?5?percent?compared?to?the?traditional?algorithm,?

1-2?percent?compared?to?the?elevation?weighted?algorithm.

The Look-angle Calibration Method for On-orbit Geometric Calibration of ZY-3 Satellite Imaging Sensors

CAO Jinshan YUAN Xiuxiao GONG Jianya DUAN Mengmeng

2014, 43(10):  1039-1045.  doi:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0147

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Starting from a rigorous geometric model of ZY-3 satellite images, a look-angle calibration method for on-orbit geometric calibration of ZY-3 satellite imaging sensors was proposed by analyzing CCD look angles in a star sensor coordinate system. Two sets of ZY-3 satellite images covering Songshan area and Luoyang area were used, respectively. The empirical results have shown that the proposed method is simple and practicable and the calibration parameters have no correlation. The object positioning accuracy of nadir images is better than ±2.7 m and the planimetric and height accuracies of forward-backward stereo pairs are better than ±4.8 m and ±3.2 m respectively, after calibrating satellite sensor according to the proposed method without laboratory calibration parameters and with only five ground control points. Additionally, using CCD look angles obtained by the proposed method for extrapolative object positioning of ZY-3 satellite images, the object positioning accuracy of nadir images is better than ±11 m and the planimetric and height accuracies of object positioning of forward-backward stereo pairs are better than ±19 m and ±4 m respectively.

Self-calibration Block Adjustment for Three-line-array Image of ZY-3

LIU Chubin ZHANG Yongsheng FAN Dazhao LEI Rong DAI Haitao

2014, 43(10):  1046-1050.  doi:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0148

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The rigorous geometric model of ZY03 imagery was constructed using auxiliary data. Then an additional parameter model was constructed on the base of the factors of sensor distortion, pixel size zooming, CCD circumvolution and so on. An orbit model was used to analyse the variational character of exterior parameters. Then a self-calibration bundle block adjustment model was constructed. Using ZY03 reality data, the additional parameter model and orbit model were researched and improved. The influence of different ground control points distributing was also researched. The experiment demonstrated that the planar accuracy and vertical accuracy are better than 0.6 GSD and about 0.5 GSD using right block math model and distribution of GCPS.

Forest Parameters Inversion with the Support of Compensation Information of Radar Polarization Orientation Angle

LONG Jiangping DING Xiaoli WANG Changcheng

2014, 43(10):  1051-1060.  doi:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0151

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Polarization characteristics of scatterers are affected by the difference polarization orientation angle (POA), which influences the scattering matrix. Coherences with difference polarization states, which are important statistic data for Polarimetric SAR interferometry (PolInSAR) technology, are estimated by scattering matrix and applied to inversion of vegetation parameters using the coherence scatter model. Based on the generation mechanism of polarization orientation angle, the estimation model of complex coherence is constructed in view of compensation of polarization orientation angle. And then, complex coherences with difference estimation methods and difference scatter mechanisms are analyzed under the influence of compensation of polarization orientation angle. The relation between the compensation of polarization orientation angle and the forest parameters inversion is revealed by fitted coherence line with the model of there stage inversion. Using Quad-pol SIRC L -band SAR data, it is feasible for improvement the accuracy of complex coherence estimation and forest parameters inversion under the compensation of polarization orientation. The experiment results show that the distribution of difference polarization states can be changed with polarization orientation angle. With the compensation of polarization orientation angle, the accuracy of fitted coherence line is improved, and so the reliability and rationality of forest parameters inverted by three stage model can be improved.

Polarimetric SAR Interferometry Vegetation Height Inversion Method of Complex Least Squares Adjustment

FU Haiqiang ZHU Jianjun WANG Changcheng XIE Qinghua ZHAO Rong

2014, 43(10):  1061-1067.  doi:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0170

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A PolInSAR vegetation height inversion method of complex least squares adjustment (CLSA) is proposed. Considering the temporal decorrelation, the RVoG is extended into RVoG+VTD. And then, the issue of resolving model is summarized as combined adjustment of complex real and imagine. The linearization method and parameter retrieval method are also given. At last, the robust volume-only coherence is used to compute the vegetation height. The CLSA method is validated on 2 E-SAR L band data of Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany and compared with the results of nonlinear iteration and three-stage methods. It demonstrates that the result of CLSA method is more accurate. The computational efficiency of CLSA method is higher than that of nonlinear iteration method and slightly lower than three-stage method.

Hyperspectral Pixel Unmixing Combined with the Compressive Sensing and the Universal Gravitation Model

YANG Keming WANG Linwei LIU Shiwen LIU Fei SHI Gangqiang ZHAO Siliang

2014, 43(10):  1068-1074.  doi:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0171

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Hyperspectral imagery has the characteristic of high spectral resolution, but the low spatial resolution makes the mixed pixels exist ubiquitously in them. Pixel unmixing is the

?important content in the field of hyperspectral remote sensing application, including abundance extracting and abundance inversing. Based on the compressive sensing (CS) 

theory, combined with neural network technology, a novel hyperspectral endmember extracting model based on the compressive sensing theory is proposed. After that, 

applied the classic Universal Gravitation Model (UGM) into abundance inversing, an abundance inversing algorithm based on the universal gravitation model is put forward. 

Finally, the model and the algorithm are realized in MATLAB with the Hyperion hyperspectral image and the accuracy of the endmember is assessed and analyzed 

according to the results. Experimental results show that the proposed extracting model and inversing algorithm have a certain degree of feasibility in both theory and practice, 

at the same time the computational accuracy meets the requirements.

Large Scale Multi-depot Logistics Routing Optimization based on Network Voronoi Diagram

TU Wei LI Qingquan FANG Zhixiang

2014, 43(10):  1075-1082.  doi:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0153

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Due to multi-constraints and multi-objectives, the optimization for large scale multi-depot logistics routing problem is very difficult. This paper proposed a spatial 

heuristicsalgorithm based on the network Voronoi diagram. From the spatial perspective, two involved spatial issues in the multi-depot logistics routing problem are service 

area partitionand routing optimization.By using of depots’network Voronoi diagram, service areais coarsely partitioned and refinedaccordingto the goods storage in each 

depot. For the routing optimization, the local search space is limited within the spatial neighbors of customers. The proposed heuristics minimizesthe used vehicles number 

and the total routes length.An experiment on several large scale logistics distribution instances in Shenzhen, China was implemented to validate the performance of the 

proposed heuristics algorithm. Results indicated that itprovided high quality solution for large scale instances with 6400 customersin no more than 15 minutes. The proposed 

heuristics algorithm could be widely used in e-commerce, express delivery,public utility in city to promote logistics efficiency.

Three-dimensional Road Intersection Automatic Inspection and Robotization Modeling Based on OSG

MA Xiaolong LI Chengming ZHAO Zhanjie

2014, 43(10):  1083-1091.  doi:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0158

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Targeting the simple overlap arising when multiple roads intersect in a three-dimensional road scene, this paper provides an automatic detection and modeling method for 3D road intersections on the basis of open-source 3D rendering engine OSG (OpenSceneGraph). In this method, by analyzing road vector-data storage characteristics and intersection design specifications, an intersection area can be quickly captured or formed, with its type being identified simultaneously, so as to achieve its automatic modeling by means of computer graphics and OSG scene rendering technique. The experiment proves that this method has effectually solved one-button generation of three-way, four-way, roundabout, and separate 3D intersections, without the need of manual intervention, serving as a foundation for the quick construction of future big-data 3D-road scenes.

A Characteristics-based Approach to Measuring Spatial Information Content of the Settlements in a Map

LIU Huimin DENG Min FAN Zide LU Qidong

2014, 43(10):  1092-1098.  doi:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0154

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Transferring spatial information is a basic function of a map. Map information content is also a quantitative indicator to describe the complexity of spatial elements and their distributions, and can be used to evaluate the quality of map generalization. This paper studies on the hierarchical measurement of spatial information content of the settlements in a map from human spatial cognition. First, the nature of map spatial information content is investigated, and a general computational model is extended with the consideration of spatial characteristics. This proposed model is also used as a basic model to measure the content of map information. Second, the spatial characteristics of settlements in a map can be divided into three levels, i.e. the geometrical feature at element level, the adjacent distribution feature at neighborhood level and the clustering feature at global level, which are indeed consistent with the hierarchy of human spatial cognition. The spatial information content of the settlements is further classified in hierarchy. Sequentially, quantitative indicators are developed for the description of spatial features at each level, and the computational methods of spatial information content are proposed based on these quantitative indicators. Finally, a practical example is provided to illustrate the rationality and advantages of the proposed methods.

Study on the Theoretical Methodology and Applications of Precise Point Positioning Using Undifferenced and Uncombined GNSS Data

ZHANG Baocheng

2014, 43(10):  1099-1099.  doi:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0155

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Adjustment Model and Colored Noise Reduction of Continuous Observation System

XUE Shuqiang, YANG Yuanxi

2014, 43(10):  360-365. 

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 The affection caused by the colored noises should be taken into account to the adjustment model. As useful signals, these colored noises should be accurately identified and extracted by Fourier analysis. A continuous adjustment model is introduced with respect to the colored noises, and then it can be generalized from the finite space to the infinite space so called as Hilbert space. This extension is to provide a new technique to perform the continuous observational system design, Fourier analysis as well as the parameter estimation. It shows that the Gramer’s determinant provides maximization criteria in the system optimization design as well as a rule in diagnosing the adjustment model. Related with the definition of the integral, the least squares solution of the continuous adjustment model becomes the limit of the traditional least squares solution in finite space. Moreover, the influence caused by the colored noises is systematic, but it can be eliminated or compensated by optimally designing the observational system.